The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson tells such a story: There is an ancient traditional annual event held in a small town in America. Anyone who wins the â€Å"lottery† will be stoned to death for harvest. Tessie is the new unluckier this time, who has to suffer this cruel and inhumane punishment. Seen deeply, females’ inferior position is showed elaborately in this novel. First, the appellation to females shows that they are in subordination to males. â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"she said to Mrs.   Delacroix† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully† (Jackson, 3). Here â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix†, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson† and â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar† all suggest that one female cannot be an individual being after her marriage, since she has to be a part of her husband by calling her â€Å"Mrs†. When Tessie comes lately, the villager’s addresses that â€Å"Here comes your Missus, Hutchinson† (Jackson, 2) instead of calling her own name also shows that she has become a subordinate object for her husband. Just like Lakoff says in his book Language and Womans Place, â€Å"It is with Mrs, Miss, and Mr.  Since a significant part of the opinion one normally forms about a womans character and social station depends on her marital status as is not the case with men† (Lakoff, 73). This phenomenon is common all over the world. Why don’t males change their appellations like female do? Actually, the marriage cannot change anything but the couple’s new relationship and family lifestyle. So does a female have to compromise to become her husband’s stooge? Perhaps only when she makes accomplishment can she be introduced as an independent individual. Those who are satisfied with their status quo are likely to accept the new subsidiary address. Thus, females’ subordinated appellations gradually become accustomed. Second, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. In the novel, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders†¦ â€Å"Clean forgot what day it was,† she said to Mrs. Delacroix†¦She dried her hands on her apron†¦Wouldnt have me leave mdishes in the sink, now, would you, Joe? † (Jackson, 3) Tessie’s words and the act of â€Å"drying her hands on her apron† suggest the female’s low social position at that time. Obviously, if she does not â€Å"win the lottery†, her next work is to rush home and serve meals for the family, since the traditional allocation of family roles has subsided into an established social norm: once a woman is married, she will give up her career and play the role of a housewife, heart and soul. So how can a female have more time to do something more prominent fulfillment since she has been limited into such situation? It’s no wonder that females do not share the equal position to do something more meaningful to some extent. Just like Journalist Ruth Franklin subtitled her 2010 piece in The New Republic: â€Å"On Shirley Jackson and the challenge of being both a mother and a writer† (p. 1). She says, â€Å"In the 1950s, just as much as now, women can only write when the baby naps, or while the children are at school, or after the dishes are done and the lunches are packed and the house is, at last, quiet. This sort of logistics has always worked with efficiency, once the woman understands that no matter how smoothly the thoughts are flowing, they will have to stop when the school bus comes. It works as a resignation to frustration† (FRANKLIN, 2010). It’s easy to perceive that Shirley Jackson’s writing career is somewhat influenced demonstrably because of her female identity. Being both as a mother and a wife, she has to regard her career—writing as the secondary mission to the family. The embarrassing situation she faced is linked with any females at that time. Thus, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. Third, females don’t have the power to make decisions. As it is showed in the novel, males govern all the affairs, â€Å"The lottery was conducted by Mr. Summers; The postmaster, Mr. Graves carried a three- legged stool; Mr. Martin†¦ came forward to hold the box steady on the stool† (Jackson, 1). Three most powerful men dominate the whole village politically and financially. â€Å"There were the lists to make up of heads of families, heads of households in each family† (Jackson 2), which suggests the male’s dominant position in a family. Moreover, â€Å"Dunbar’s wife substituted him to draw the lottery because he had broken his leg, but Mr.  Summers asked whether she had a grown boy to do it† (Jackson, 2) also shows that the unusuality of a female to do such an essencial and decisive thing. In the end, Tessie’s death is another evidence to show that female is not only inferior, but a victim in that lamentable social circumstance. Having no rights to make decisions, females doom to be decided instead of deciding. Thus, the female’s inferior position has formed. In a world, females’ inferior position is shown elaborately in The Lottery. Their appellations, their family division of the labor and their no power to make decisions all display the inferior position of females.

The Power of Women in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Arthur Miller

In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, there are several female characters. Linda Loman is a loyal and nurturing wife and mother and is the person who holds the family together. The other women in the play are wanton and pull the Loman family apart. Both types of women in the play hold a position of power over the pitiful men, whether it is as a matriarch or a whore. Willy, Biff, and Happy Loman all have a common weakness: lack of self-control. Willy had an affair with a woman when he was younger, sleeping with secretaries that could help him make sales to their bosses. Biff â€Å"stole [himself] out of every good job since high school† (131). Happy sleeps with his bosses’ wives because he cannot advance in his profession and taking his bosses’ wives’ loyalty away from them is the only thing that brings him satisfaction. This senselessness that afflicts the Loman men renders them all unhappy and poor. Linda however, remains rational throughout the social and economic insecurity in her life. The other women too, never fail to manipulate the men into a puppet-like state. The ability to remain rational and manipulate others renders the female characters in Death of a Salesman more powerful than the male characters, despite the patriarchal demeanour of the play. Linda loves Willy unconditionally. As Willy’s mental health becomes more and more unstable, he becomes more irritable. No matter how abusive Willy behaves toward Linda, she never gets angry or allows Willy to become aware that he is losing his mind. Whereas Willy and his sons lack self-control, Linda proves to have an abundance of it by remaining calm during Willy’s fits of his inferiority complex. Although Willy does not admit it, he knows that he has failed to ach... ...ported by the neck: Linda. All of the Loman men have very flawed characters. They are steered greatly by their sex drives, leaving them as helpless as puppets. The women, Linda and the prostitutes, are all talented puppeteers. Linda works as a sort of purifying force as she tries to keep the family together while the other women work as corrupting forces, having affairs with the Loman men, which pulls the family further apart. In both cases, the women gain power by exercising their ability to reason or manipulate to gain power over the men. It must be true that the women of the play are more powerful than the men, because the men are powerless without self-control. â€Æ' Works Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin, 1976. My Big Fat Greek Wedding. Dir. Joel Zwick. Perf. Nia Vardalos, Michael Constantine, and John Corbett. IFC Films, 2002.

Osim International

Contents 1. Introduction to Osim International4 2. Competitive Strategy4 3. Company value chain4 3. 1Innovation5 3. 2Operations Management5 4. Non-financial analysis5 4. 1Corporate Social Responsibility5 4. 2Consumer Sentiments6 4. 3Corporate Culture6 4. 4Customer Retention and Growth6 5. Global outlook7 6. Industry outlook of healthy lifestyle products7 7. Comparison between Osim and its competitors8 8. Osim Financials8 8. 1Company’s Financial Ratios8 8. 2Market Prospects9 8. 2. 1Osim on its own9 8. 2. 2Osim vs. Selected peers (VGO, Best World, Ogawa, Jacks)9 8. 2. 3Osim vs. STI10 8. 3Projected Performance10 9. Conclusion11 Appendix A12 Appendix B16 Appendix C19 Appendix D24 Appendix E25 Appendix F26 ? 1. Introduction to Osim International Osim International Ltd. (Osim) is a Singapore listed company; a global leader in the healthy lifestyle products industry. It has been led since its inception by CEO Ron Sim, the company’s value driver, instrumental in bringing Osim to where it is today, greatly influencing its vision, mission and values with his personal touch. The company has expanded to more than 1,100 stores in more than 30 countries worldwide. Within the next 3 to 5 years, they plan to open over 50 outlets and further expand their subsidiaries, GNC and RichLife. . Competitive Strategy In view of the current economic situation, Osim seeks to cautiously and optimistically ‘focus on building profitability, positive EBITDA and operating cash flow’ . Even though they have exceeded sales expectations so far this year, this may be challenging given that they operate in a niche market easily affect ed by consumer sentiment and other global events. Osim feels a strong balance sheet is integral to meeting this aim, achievable through enhanced operational efficiency and outlets being leaner and more effective in sales. With Brand Osim, they desire an image that is one with (the) healthy lifestyle’ . This demonstrates their aspiration to not only be the market leader, but to also be the brand with the best recall and association. Furthermore, Osim adopts a two-pronged approach of innovation and growth; creating demand through innovation and development to support the anticipated US market recovery and the Chinese markets’ expansion. There is also focus on their most important resource, employees; training and empowering talents with emphasis on corporate culture alignment. 3. Company value chain Osim’s value chain involves two main processes: Innovation and Operations Management. . 1Innovation Research and development (R&D) is a process given much emphasis as Osim strives to release new and relevant products to create demand and to keep a technological edge above its competition, resulting in products such as the iDesire and iMedic amongst others. This has won consumers and its efforts were rewarded in 2008, voted as Asia’s most preferred brand for massage ch airs . This is also inculcated in their brand image with their desire to include ‘intelligent innovation’ . 3. 2Operations Management Operations management includes Osim’s manufacturing and retail arms. Upon subjecting raw material to their respective manufacturing processes, Osim creates a product that it believes will add value for consumers and entice them to pay a premium to obtain their desired quality of life. Its retail arm works with an aggressive marketing department to promote their products. Whilst costs are high, the perceived product value added is proportionately high. 4. Non-financial analysis 4. 1Corporate Social Responsibility Osim aims to encourage a positive attitude towards healthy lifestyles. Osim Triathlons in various Asian countries , and the Osim Singapore Masters are some sporting events it has sponsored. While Osim promotes itself as a lifestyle brand, for example, through the promotion of the uSqueez leg massager which appeals to triathletes, they have also donated to the Children’s Cancer Foundation and supported an endowment fund with the NUS Business School . Osim has also demonstrated accountability to society by recalling its products twice . The urgency to recall defective products has shown Osim’s commitment to civic responsibility. However, the recall affected Osim’s reputation as customers were put through the hassle of claiming damages. Despite this, Osim’s branding remains strong and is still one of the world’s most reliable providers in its industry. Accountability to investors was also demonstrated when they came in runners-up in the ‘Most Transparent Company Award (Commerce)’ in SIAS Investors’ Choice Award. 4. 2Consumer Sentiments In a 2008 survey by Synovate , Osim attained the ‘No. 1 Healthy Lifestyle Products Brand’ in consumers’ minds across Asia. The findings show Osim’s strong Asian customer base and affirms its effective branding as a leading provider of innovative products with design and quality, performance, and safety standards. Furthermore, massage chair sales in China has maintained good growth with easy-to-buy payment schemes. 4. 3Corporate Culture A strong corporate culture inculcating positive thinking has been used as a tool to survive market movements. This tool is behind the entrance of new innovations and the extension of Osim’s reach into the global market. Besides this, substantial shareholdings by key management ensures management goals are correctly aligned with that of shareholders’ . 4. 4Customer Retention and Growth In 2005, Osim was rated by Nielsen Consumers as the number one brand in seven attributes . Osim is also a member of Superbrands . To date, higher end products are made in Japan, a country recognized for its quality and precision . Mid-tier to lower end products are manufactured in China to reduce costs. Although manufactured in China, Osim ensures reliability and quality of these products. The market share gained from the provision of quality products has been shown in the same Synovate survey as mentioned above. Osim has also invested heavily in marketing, often publishing its advertisements in various media to increase its brand presence. These include centrespreads in major newspapers as well as television commercials, reigning in celebrities such as S. H. E and Fiona Xie. This fortifies their brand’s credibility, with the aim of converting new customers and retaining current ones. In a way, they have already created a strong and secure customer base and exclusive attention can be placed on gaining additional market share within the region and globally. 5. Global outlook Since the global recession, the market has rebounded with the STI currently trading around 2,600 points, a level last seen a year ago . We are currently believed to be in the accumulation phase , with economic growth expected in the coming years. Global markets have stabilized while key export markets such as the US and Europe remain fairly weak . A rapid recovery is in line for Asian economies, but continued soft private demand means that fiscal and monetary measures must be sustained to ensure continued growth. 6. Industry outlook of healthy lifestyle products Osim’s business efforts are concentrated on an increasingly affluent Asia , especially in countries like Singapore and China, where there is greater focus on lifestyle and well-being. Health is a greater concern as busier schedules reduce exercise time. As Asia’s aging population finds new ways to improve their living standards, more may turn to increasingly relevant healthcare products. However, the lifestyle industry is most vulnerable to fluctuations in business cycles. With the downturn, spending is either decreased or cheaper alternatives are sought. 7. Comparison between Osim and its competitors Osim’s main competitors in the health-food industry provide competition to its subsidiary, Global Active Limited. Its main recognized competitors in the massage products markets include OGAWA, OTO Bodycare and Panasonic. Osim thus relies heavily on innovation, aggressive marketing and quality to distinguish its products from its competitors, leveraging on the fact that consumer preferences are easily influenced. Another form of competition comes in the form of imitations and inexpensive Chinese products that respectively devalue Osim’s brand and provide viable substitutes. This forces Osim to differentiate itself as a premium product and introduce a secondary brand, NOVO, to woo consumers with its affordability. With the expected future growth in the healthy lifestyle products industry and Osim’s stronghold on its base consumer markets, we expect Osim to continue outperforming its competitors, especially in its core business function. 8. Osim Financials 8. 1Company’s Financial Ratios Osim’s profitability ratios have been weakening over the last 5 years, with sharp declines from 2006 onwards. Profit margins dropped from the healthy region of 9% to 0. 6% in 2007 and finally into the negative in 2008. Other returns ratios like ROA and ROE have also dropped significantly from 2005 onwards. Osim’s sales fell from a high of S$623million in 2006 to S$457million in 2008. The low profitability ratios suggest that the company is not effectively utilizing its assets and shareholder investments to generate sales and profit, which is a cause for concern for potential investors. Its dwindling sales and profitability can be attributed to fierce competition from imitations, as mentioned above. Also, Osim spent S$149million to acquire 55% of Brookstone Inc. in 2005, which did not work out well, as Brookstone’s losses dragged down Osim’s profitability from 2006 onwards. Osim’s liquidity ratios, despite the poor financial performances in the past few years, have remained relatively stable. Current ratio has stayed consistently above 1, bar 2007, which implies that the Group is able to meet its short term liabilities with its short term assets. Interest coverage has been falling sharply, primarily due to the fall in operating profits. In order to continue its repayment of interest charges, profits have to improve. 8. 2Market Prospects 8. 2. 1Osim on its own Generally, share prices have been on a strong downward trend since 2006, with MACD crossing below zero for most of the period. Osim’s share price plunged 98% from a high of S$2. 06 in 2006 to a low of S$0. 05 in the start of 2009 before showing signs of recovery, rising from below S$0. 10 to the recent stability of around S$0. 45, an increase of more than 400% during the period from March to September 2009. The recent bullish trend has also been reflected in the strong divergence of the MACD over zero. 8. 2. 2Osim vs. Selected peers (VGO, Best World, Ogawa, Jacks) During the last 5 years, Osim fared poorly compared to its industry peers. It was the worst performing stock out of the 5 selected companies over the period from 1Q07 to 1Q09. However, focusing our attention on more recent developments, Osim’s share price has been outdoing that of its competitors significantly, due to its strong recovery since 1Q09. Osim’s stock has risen at a higher rate, and been the best performing in terms of absolute value. Another interesting factor is the recent significant increase in insider trading, with senior management aggressively purchasing the company stock and subscribing to excess shares through the company’s rights issue . Together with the hints of recovery from recent financial figures, the purchase of shares by Osim’s management and confidence shown in the company might just be the confirmatory signal of their turnaround in fortunes. 8. 2. 3Osim vs. STI On a 5-year basis, comparing the performance of Osim’s share price against the STI, we observe that generally, it has been underperforming relative to the STI. The period between mid-2005 and early 2007, which coincided with Osim’s best financial performance, saw the company outperforming the market. Since 1Q07, it has been underperforming by a large margin until the recent superior performance relative to the STI starting from April 2009. 8. 3Projected Performance Judging from the 9 month 2009 figures, sales appear to continue sluggishly and we estimate the total sales for 2009 to be inferior to that of 2008. However, EBITDA has increased by 16% as compared to the same period last year. Having fully written down the investment in Brookstone, future losses need not be accounted for, and Osim’s profit before tax is expected to improve to around S$33million for 2009, a marked improvement from 2007 and 2008. Projected profitability ratios also suggest signs of recovery with ROA and ROE estimated to be around 9. 02% and 21. 36% respectively. Liquidity ratios for the Group remain healthy as well, as at 30 Sept 2009. Post restructuring, Osim has emerged leaner, significantly cutting down expenses over the past 2 years. Hence, if sales pick up in the future, we should see a return of the high profit margins realized in the past. Osim’s current Net Asset Value (NAV) per share is S$0. 14. Compared against the average share price of around S$0. 45 over the past 2 months, the Price-to-book ratio is about 3. times, implying that the stock may be overvalued. However, the general price-to-book ratio for an average company is 7 times , showing that Osim’s share price may still rise in the future. 9. Conclusion With Ron Sim at the helm and the alignment of the senior management with company objectives, Osim stands poised to achieve its goals in the short term with its aggressive marketi ng and focus on a strong balance sheet during this time of economic uncertainty. They have earned the trust of consumers through the provision of quality products and good corporate governance. While they have effectively lowered costs, revenue remains sluggish. They plan to improve this through expansion in emerging markets as well as to take advantage of Brookstone’s strategic positioning in American markets. Whilst having derived ways to compete effectively, and with the industry expected to grow, private consumption will still be depressed amidst this period of economic recovery due to a lag effect. Defining a medium to long term as between two to five years, we thus projected that Osim, on its own will continue to be profitable as a going concern. While we recognise that outside the industry, there are many superior alternatives that have the potential to generate far better returns, which is beyond the scope of this report, we recommend that with regards to an investment solely in Osim or in the Healthy Lifestyle Products industry, Osim is clearly the worthwhile choice to invest in. Appendix A Profitability Ratios 20082007200620052004 Profit Margin (%)-21. 780. 65. 429. 299. 2 ROA (%)-46. 580. 868. 0510. 214. 6 ROE (%)-141. 921. 9619. 8728. 9726. 16 Cash Flow/Operating Revenue (%)-17. 984. 957. 8911. 812. 6 Profit Margin (%)-21. 780. 65. 429. 299. Profitability ratios measure the return earned on a company's capital and the financial cushion relative to each dollar of sales. Osim's low profitability ratios in recent years are a cause for concern. However, much can be attributed to the economic crisis and the write-off of Brookstone in 2008. Liquidity Ratios 20082007200620052004 Current Ratio1. 090. 951. 021. 111. 87 Quick Rat io0. 480. 450. 450. 671. 38 Interest Coverage-19. 052. 067. 751750. 95 Current Ratio1. 090. 951. 021. 111. 87 Generally, despite the poor performance posted in 2007 and 2008, Osim's Liquidity Ratios remained relatively stable. This implies that there are no issues regarding the solvency of the company and resources are available to meet its obligations. 20082007200620052004 P/E Ratio (%)n. a. 103. 6422. 415. 2912. 48 Dividend Payout Ratio (%)0219. 4332. 2315. 3415. 39 P/E ratio is an indicator of perceived value of a stock. Osim's unusually high P/E ratio in 2007 is due to the low EPS resulting from the poor performance posted in that year. Osim has been consistently paying out dividends until 2008. Hence, should performance improves in future, investors should expect to receive dividend payouts. Appendix B Projected Performance -Month Key FinancialsEstimated Figures for 2009 Sales335. 9450 EBITDA33. 845 Profit before Tax24. 533 Net profit16. 121 Full year figures for 2009 determined based on pro-rating 9-month figures to get conservative estimates. (in $millions)9mth 20099mth 2008% change2009 Estimated20082007200620052004 Sales335. 9346. 2-2. 98%450456. 7523. 7622. 9502. 5332. 2 EBITDA33. 829. 116%453935. 476. 754. 545. 4 Profit before Tax24. 5-19. 5225. 64%33-92. 25. 443. 651. 435. 3 Net profit16. 1-26161. 92%21-99. 53. 735. 845. 630. 8 (in $millions)9mth 20099mth 2008% change2009 Estimated20082007200620052004 Sales335. 9346. 2-2. 98%450456. 7523. 7622. 502. 5332. 2 EBITDA33. 829. 116%453935. 476. 754. 545. 4 Estimated Financial Ratios for 2009 (With Balance Sheet as at 30 Sept 2009) Profit Margin (%)4. 67 ROA (%)9. 02 ROE (%)21. 36 Current Ratio at B/S date1. 16 2009 figures suggest Osim is on the road to recovery. Projected Profit before Tax show improvement compared to 2008 and 2007, though not to the extent of 2006's high. Compared to 1st half of 2008, 2009 has shown improvement in EBITDA even though sales continue to be weak. .Charts with Projected 2009 Ratios Appendix C Osim Stock Charts 5-Year 1-Year Comparison against STI 5-Year 1-Year Comparison Competitors 5-Year 1-Year -Year Absolute 1-Year Absolute Appendix D Insider Trades Announcement DateBuyerNumber of Shares (Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ000) 23/2/09Ron Sim2002 13/3/093466 17/3/09953 27/3/0996150 31/3/09200 1/4/09200 6/4/092700 9/4/096500 Subtotal112171 23/2/09Peter Lee320 13/3/09950 31/3/09550 9/10/09270 Subtotal2090 23/2/09Richard Leow300 23/2/09Ong Kian Min1618 24/2/091000 2/4/09752 23/2/09Michael Kan300 2/4/09218 23/2/09Charlie Teo300 27/3/09365 6/4/09100 2/4/09Khor Peng Soon16 Subtotal4969 Total119230 Appendix E ? Appendix F Japan’s quality in manufacturing was taken from Fundamentals of Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Methods, and Applications by A. Brent Strong

Ck Fashion Advertising Major Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6152 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Abigail Santy Rachel Content Page Page 1 Introduction Page 2 History of Calvin Klein Page 3 History of CK Underwear Page 4 Information on CK Underwear Page 5-6 Situational Analysis Page 7-9 Competitor’s analysis Page 10-11 Target Market Page 12-13 Analysis of Present Campaign Page 14-15 Strategy Brief Page 16-18 Creative Brief Page 19 Proposed Campaign Page 20 Media Plan Page 21-25 Campaign Ads Page 26 Unique Selling Preposition Page 27 Desired Consumer Response Page 28 Implementation Evaluation Page 29 Brief Summary of Proposed Campaign Page 30 Bibliography Introduction: Objectives In the industry of underwear, Calvin Klein Underwear can be viewed as one of the top few underwear brands that are present in this industry for many years. Even though Calvin Klein are famous in the area of it’s underwear, more needs to be done in order for it to sustain itself in the industry as there is an increase in the number of underwear companies and as such, Calvin Klein underwear needs to become even more creative and innovative in it’s products and advertising so as to gain more customers in the long run. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ck Fashion Advertising Major Project" essay for you Create order As advertising is a form of communication used by companies as a way to help improve the sales of the products, Calvin Klein Underwear thus needs to create a new concept of advertisements so as to gain competitive advantage against it’s competitors in order to maintain it’s status and position in the industry. Thus, the objective of this project is to suggest an advertising campaign that will enable the company to not only further increase the awareness of the brand, but at the same time continually remind the customers of it’s brand in order to increase the sales of the products in order to improve the overall conditions of the company. History of Calvin Klein Calvin Klein is one of the fashion world’s biggest brands for their designer jeans, underwear and the wholesome, all- America look. Calvin Klein born in the year 1942, taught himself to sketch and sew as a boy. Later on, he went to New York’s high School of Art and Design and the Fashion Inst itute of technology and finally launching his own label , with the partnership of Barry Schwartz. Calvin Klein was listed as one of the America’s 25 most influential people by Time, he had shaped the casual wear industry and played a key role in modern advertising. Since then , he caused a storm of controversy when he had Richard Avedon photograph a pubescent Brooke Shields for his 1979 jeans campaign under the slogan â€Å" you know what come between me and my Calvins? Nothing. † Kate Moss later was to follow, helped launched his unisex perfume ck one. In October 1999, Klein was announced considering selling his fashion house, which shocked the fashion world again. And it was confirmed that he had taken his $1 billion fashion house off the market. 2 History of CK Underwear Calvin Klein underwear was formed in the year 1982 and it is known as the world’s finest designer for men and women. Men’s underwear suddenly became an object of desire. Calvin klein then publish new advertising campaigns which communicated the message of the updated, sexy designer sensibility that distinguish ck underwear from the others. In the year 1983, women’s line followed. The brand has also delivered a new line including basics, basics in fashion colors, as well as fashion forward, trendy underwear to the stores each season since then. Calvin Klein is also known for its quality, fits and fabrications are developed to perfection to preserve the brand standard of excellence. Men’s fabric range from comfortable cottons to edgy sheer synthetics, while women products includes foundations with clean and comfortable silhouettes, daywear with sexy lace elements and satin touches, as well as fashion trend forward prints and styles. Calvin Klein underwear brand is so successful that advertising spans 21 countries and reaches to an estimated number of 98 million people globally. 3 Information on CK Underwear Products Men’s: Bottoms: Bikini briefs, boxer briefs, boxers, gripper/cycle shorts, hip briefs, sport, thongs and trunks Tops: Long sleeve t-shirts, muscle shirts and tank tops Sleepwear Women’s: Bras: Balconnet, convertible, padded, push up, plunge, racerbacks, soft cop, t-shirt/contour, underwire, wireless, petite and full fit Panties: Panties, boyshorts, thongs and tangas Tops: Pants and shorts, slips and sleepwear Both men and women’s mostly priced from S$50 and above Orchard Road and City Link Mall. Stores are located centrally and it’s store concept is that of minimalism. Advertising is done through print media such as in magazines and posters that is pasted at store front. Price Place Promotion 4 Situational Analysis: The Company Financial Situation: In the year 2009, it can be noted that the world in general suffers from an economic problem which is that of the recession and as a result of it, many fashion retailers in the industries are affected by this situation in many ways. As stated by Shields (2009), it can be noted that the economy conditions have affected Calvin Klein in terms of it’s net sales which fell from $561 million to that of the current $529. million dollars. Besides this, it can be noted that the royalty, advertising and other revenues in the second quarter of 2009 had decreased by 10. 9% causing the revenue to drop to $71. 9 million as compared to the previous year second quarter of $80. 7 million. In the area of Calvin Klein Licensing segment, the royalty revenue decreased 6% for the second quarter, due to the decrease in a constant exchange rates resulting in the sales reduction in the fragrance business, which continues to be affected by the reductions in travel and discretionary spending. In terms of advertising, it can be viewed that Calvin Klein’s advertising and other revenue decreased $4. 1 million in the second quarter of 2009 as compared to that of the previous year due to the result of lesser discretionary spending in 2009 as compared to 2008 by Calvin Klein’s licensees. As a result of this, it can be noted that advertising and other revenue is collected and spend as both a revenue and an expense within Calvin Klein’s income statement (Phillipsvan Heusen Corp. Reports Operating Results, 2009). 5 Situational Analysis: The Company Brand Positioning: The brand positioning of Calvin Klein as a company and brand in general can be viewed as a form of â€Å"modern, practical fashion and minimalist chic†, which resulted in the encompassing of the lifestyle of fashion, thus the creation enlarging of the brand’s collection from the Calvin Klein Collection for the men, women and the home, CK for men and women, CK Jeans for men, women and kids, CK Underwear as well as beauty and cosmetics lines. Through this, it can be noted that Calvin Klein is a brand that is diverse in the product range thus able to gain hold of a higher market share in the industry. Though the brand may be known for being a â€Å"modern, practical fashion and minimalist chic†, the brand positioning changes in terms of advertising. In the world of advertising, Calvin Klein can be viewed as a brand that uses sex appeal to draw interest to the particular product range, in order to increase the sales of the products advertised. In some instances, sex appeals have been viewed as overly-used by Calvin Klein in terms of it’s advertisements campaign as some of the adverts that uses sex in the advertising are viewed as irrelevant to the product being advertised thus showing no connections at all. As such, over the years, Calvin Klein’s advertising campaigns are widely known for it’s controversial and provocative images, as seen in the three images here. In recent times, the top image, which is the adverts for the Calvin Klein Jeans 2009 campaign, have received tremendous news and reports with regards to the adverts and with some stating that it is considered to be a form of â€Å"soft pornography† as with the recent article on Fox News. Through this, it can be viewed that Calvin Klein can be viewed as a brand that uses shock value and controversy which will raise issues in order to gain publicity. Competitor’s Analysis: Emporio Armani AIDA MODEL: The AIDA model is being used to evaluate how advertising works. In this case, the Awareness level of this campaign is being raised as viewers would quickly recognized the male model as David Beckham the famous soccer player. The interest level is being developed when both female and male audiences are able to view Beckham’s body in only briefs and underwear which is not widely seen of photos taken of him. As such, the general audience would be curious to view these campaign images as a result of this. The desire and action level would be done when the target audience would want to either have the image of Beckham for the male audiences and for the female audiences, actions would be taken when they purchase Emporio Armani’s underwear for their boyfriends. As such, it can be viewed that with the use of David Beckham as a model, Armani is thus able to capture the target audiences which will in turn help to raise awareness and thus increase the sales of this product range. 7 Competitor’s Analysis: Dolce Gabbana AIDA Model: The awareness level of this campaign is raised through the brand’s name and as there has been a rise in the number of sports competition such as the Olympics and Youth Olympics, the audience of this campaign would be able to identify the message that it is trying to portray easily. The interest level of the audience would be due to the current ongoing events and rise in the number of water sports activities and these underwear adverts would target such groups of individuals and therefore, interest would be raised through this. Besides this, these group of male models are young muscular males who will be able to raise the attention of sportsmen, women as well as men who like sports. As such, interest is being raised through the portrayal of the underwear in a setting at the pool with a group of male models. The desire level can be achieved in the sight of the audience as males would want to look as fabulous as these male models portrayed in these campaign images and for women, they would like their boyfriend or husband to look the same as these group of male models. In order for the campaign to be seen as effective, the targeted audience must take the action in the purchasing of the DKNY underwear and in this case, the three images of the campaign reveals of three different styles of underwear grouped together, which shows of the different colors of the same design. Thus, the targeted audience are able to view these products and make their selections even before they enter into the store. 8 Competitor’s Analysis: DKNY AIDA Model: The awareness of this campaign can be viewed in terms of the knowledge of the brand in the eyes of the audience. Besides this,erotism is also used in the DKNY campaign seen above to grasp the attention of the audience. The capturing of the attention of the audience in order to raise the interest level can be seen through the way the campaign images is being taken. Unlike normal underwear ads, DKNY use of different angle shots create a new dimension to the brand’s campaign and therefore it may raise interest from the point of the viewers. The desire level on the part of the target audience would be the desire to want to have similar body shape and mass which will lead to these group of target audience to want to fulfill their innate desire of having a great body thus leading to them taking the action of purchasing the DKNY underwear in order to satisfy their innate desire of wanting to look muscular and macho. 9 Target Market : Demographics Age Group: †¢The age group of the target market of CK Underwear would be individuals between the age of 20 to the late 30s. Occupation: †¢The most likely occupation of the target market would be that of individuals who are young urban professionals with a white collar jobs. †¢Besides the working individuals, students make up a certain percentage of the entire target market. Education level: †¢The education level of the target market can be considerably high and they may have attained a diploma and above type of certificate of learning. Income level: †¢The income level of these individuals would be considered as from a middle income level status. The target market would also have a middle level of disposable and discretionary income that they received from either their work or from their allowances in the case of students. 10 Target Market: Psychographics Physical Features: †¢The individuals of CK Underwear target market would be considered as individuals who loves grooming and presenting themselves well. †¢They are individuals who will work out do whatever they can to present themselves with a good physical features. †¢Physical features can be considered as a major elements of their pride. Attitudes towards fashion: †¢This group of individuals can be viewed as individuals who is trendy and who follows the trends and the events and happenings of the fashion industry so as to stay in tune and not be seen as out of fashion. †¢They are also considered as individuals who are brand conscious and as a result, they may seek their identity in the brands that they wear. Spending habits: †¢This group of individuals are individuals who do not mind spending more in order to get products that provide comfort and style. They can be considered as individuals who are the splurger as they are conscious of brands and would prefer to buy luxury items rather than necessity goods. 11 Analysis of Present Campaign Analysis of the Campaign: The current campaign for CK Underwear for males would be that of the images seen above. Calvin Klein Underwear has used a male model, Jamie Dornan, who is an up and rising male model in the modeling industry as well as the fashion industry. B esides this, he is also named the male version of Kate Moss in both the GQ as well as ‘The Golden Torso’ by The New York Times according to London Evening Standard, 2009. As such, this can display CK Underwear as a brand that not only brings forth the best in it’s advertising campaign to promote it’s products, it can be viewed as a brand that understands the industry and trends well. This would indeed not only enhance the image of the brand as a contemporary brand with a conscious mind of the happenings of the fashion industry, it can also be viewed as a brand that values uprising individuals and give them the opportunity to gain experience. Besides this adverts, Jamie Dornan is also being used by CK Underwear to help promote it’s underwear competition and as such, it can be viewed that this advertising campaign would go hand in hand with the competition which will bring forth a fresh idea and concept when competing with it’s competitors. 12 Analysis of Present Campaign Information on the campaign: In 2009, Calvin Klein Underwear has held a 8 Countries 9 Men Competition with the collaboration with model, Jamie Dornan. Jamie Dornan, the current male model for CK Underwear 2009 ad campaign, will be guiding the contestants throughout the contest. The contest is a form of marketing and advertising campaign as it is a platform used to promote the new additions of the underwear line, which is that of the â€Å"steel† range which will include the flags from the nine countries (France, England, Sweden, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Russia and Spain) that would be participating in the male model competition. This campaign would last for a span of few months. This competition would be held in a way that the 9 finalists chosen will compete with each other in the Grand Finale which would in May 2010. The eward of this competition would be that the winner will be determined by the public vote and will be awarded a luxury trip to South Africa, while the eight runner up will be able to receive a one-year supply of CK Underwear products. Analysis of the campaign: Firstly, this campaign can be viewed as different from it’s competitors as it is a competition which will attract the target market to follow with the progre ss of this competition. As this competition involves 9 countries, the involving countries would follow closely with the competition and give their support for their representative models as it will involve their national pride. As such, the campaign would draw many to view the campaign and at the same time, it will raise brand awareness and remind the audience of the development of CK Underwear and eventually promote sales and awareness for the newest product. 13 Strategy Brief Objectives: The objectives of this campaign that is being proposed is to be able to attract the awareness of the target market, to remind the loyal and current customers about the promises of CK Underwear and it’s brand image and lastly, to be able to generate sales through the proposed campaign. Strategies: The strategies of this campaign would be the plan required to accomplish the objectives set out for this campaign. The strategies of this campaign can be divided into different segments. This segments consists of the key strategic campaign decision, the media strategy plan, the message strategy, other tools required to support the campaign as well as the campaign management. 1. Key Strategic Campaign decisions †¢ The target audience of this campaign would be directly on it’s loyal customers and potential customers. The brand positioning would retain it’s current brand positioning of being controversial and provocative, while at the same time, it would provide a competitive advantage to the brand due to it’s unique features of the adverts. 2. Media Strategy Plan †¢ The media selection of this campaign would be one that best suit the campaign as well as the place that is more prominent to the target audience and at areas that will seek the mos t attention of these individuals. The scheduling of the media plan would be viewed in terms of the situations or events that is happening in the area of the vehicle of the media used and in Singapore in general. 3. Message Strategy †¢ The message of the campaign will be viewed in terms of the key consumer outlook of the brand as well as the potential behavior of the campaign. †¢The objectives of the message would be to speak to the audience that even though CK Underwear is moving forward in terms of it’s products, the brand still retains it’s brand outlook while at the same time, displays the versatile nature of CK Underwear. The message of the campaign is designed to be similar to the past campaigns so as to bring forth a sense of reminiscence in the minds of the targeted audience, while at the same time, the adverts will spark off a whole new message which is that of the product being versatile and the adverts still consist of provocative and controversial impression. 14 Strategy Brief Strategies: 4. Campaign Management †¢The evaluation of the effectiveness of the campaign can be seen with the increase in sales of the products being advertised. The budget of the campaign would be $30, 000 to cover all the costs incurred in the carrying out of the campaign. Tactics: 1. Message of the Campaign †¢ As the brand is always known for it’s controversial and provocative portrayal of the models in the adverts, it is therefore an advantage for CK Underwear to use this situation as it’s brand positioning. However, besides the use of only sexual appeal in the adverts, the campaign should include thought-incurring images that will left a deep impression in the minds of the audiences. 2. Media Selection †¢In order to ensure that the media selected for the campaign is targeted at the target audience, surveys can be done by surveyor to determine the usual places that the target audience would frequent in order to ensure the adverts are place in the right place so as to be cost effective and effective in reaching out to the target audience in the most efficient way as well. †¢The schedules of the media placement would be determined by the gathering of the information of special events that is taking place in Singapore such as the Great Singapore Sale during the period of May-July 2010. As this period of time would be a season of sales, it would be suitable for the advertising campaign to start in the month of March so as to gather as much awareness of the brand and sales of the new products before the sales period begins. 3. Campaign Evaluation †¢In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign with regards to the awareness level, surveys can be done in the middle of the campaign so as to determine if the campaign is reaching out it’s target audience to a high or a low degree. Besides this, the calculation of the sales increment of the products promoted in the adverts can be compared against either the previous adverts products or on products not advertised so as to determine if the adverts did result in the increase of sales of the products advertised. 15 Creative Brief Problem: †¢The current problem faced by CK Underwear would be that of having lots of impact through it’s advertising campaign which displays of controversial and provocative messages that either attracts or create a negative view from the society due to the issue of sexuality presented in the adverts. However, though CK Underwear and it’s other bridge lines of Calvin Klein received considerably high level of impact, it can be viewed that the impact did not translate to higher sales as reflected in the financial situations of the company as a whole. Target Audience: †¢Demographics: The demographics of the targeted audience for the campaign would be mainly men and a p ortion of women who will buy boxers for males. These group of individuals will be between the age of 20 to late 30s individuals. These individuals may be possibly be a young urban professionals, sportsman or even a student. They are considered to be welleducated. nd have a middle range disposable income and discretionary income which is suitable to purchase CK Underwear as the products are priced at an affordable price range. †¢Psychographics: The psychographics of the targeted audience for the campaign would be men who loves grooming and presenting themselves well. Besides this, they care about the comfort of what they wear and as such, they would not mind paying more for comfortable and beautiful underwear. These individuals may be brand conscious and is a follower of fashion. The individual may also be individuals who love seeing their girlfriend in their clothing. Besides this, this group of target audience are viewed as more open to new ideas and concepts, and would not be easily offended by images that is controversial and provocative. †¢Consumer Behavior: In terms of the spending habits of the targeted audience, it can be viewed that the targeted audience falls under the category of the hunter, one who takes risk to get ahead and is aggressive about money, equating it with happiness and achievement; the splurger, one who is selfindulgent, prefers to buy lxury items and is self-centered and lastly; the striver, who believes that money makes the world go round, and thus equates money with power. 6 Creative Brief Brand Position: †¢ Brand Positioning: In order to maintain the brand positioning of being controversial and provocative so as to maintain it’s competitive advantage, it is therefore important to include both elements into the campaign. In order to be controversial, thought-incurring images should be included and in th is case, a female model is use to promote a male boxer shorts. To be provocative, sexual appeals is required so that the brand would maintain it’s positioning and make the adverts more appealing to it’s target audience. When CK Underwear was first started in the year 1982 for male underwear, it has received many loyal customers due to the success of it’s adverts and in this campaign, elements of the previous adverts would be included into the campaign so as to remind it’s loyal customers that CK Underwear is still promising the same promise to it’s customers. Communication Objectives: †¢ Message of the campaign: The message of the campaign is to not only speak to the targeted audience, but at the same time, it is also to create a specific response to the message by the target audience. In this campaign, the adverts messages would be to allow the customers and it’s target audience to be able to find an edge with the image of the adverts while at the same time, recapturing the image and spur the reminiscence of the previous CK Underwear and reputation into the minds of the viewers so as to not only create the response of the purchasing of the products advertised, but also to create a response which is that of the increase in the the loyalty of the customers and through this, there will be changes of word-of-mouth promotions done by our target audience. Proposition/ Selling Idea: †¢ Selling Idea: The selling idea of the campaign would be based on the images of the female model wearing of the male boxer shorts, it can be seen that the boxer shorts can be viewed as versatile and comfortable to the extend that a female can wear the shorts, it would make the boxer shorts more appealing to the targeted audience. 17 Creative Brief Media Considerations: †¢ Where the message will be delivered: The advertisements images of the campaign would be placed in print media such as magazines and posters. Magazines are a good way of advertising as it has itself created it’s own target market and as such, CK Underwear adverts would be effective in reaching out to it’s target market if it’s placed at the magazines that the target audience frequently read. Print media such as the posters are useful in many ways. Posters for this campaign would be placed in store front, billboards, newsstand, bus stops and even underpass of shopping centres. Creative Directions: †¢ Image of the adverts in the campaign: The image of the adverts would be that of a female model in a boyfriend’s shirt and CK boxer shorts for men. The feel of the entire image portrayed would be that of a ‘out-of-bed’ kind of look, but with the model still on a bed so as to reflect the idea that the model has just woke up and is seen wearing the boyfriend’s shirt and boxer shorts which also symbolizes the after sex image. Besides this, some other images of the adverts would portray the model’s boxer shorts being tugged and pulled at a man which can only be seen with the back of the body therefore emphasizing the fact that the boxers does not belong to the female portrayed in the adverts. Besides this, the female model used for this campaign would be a woman with an androgyny feel so as to give off an image of manliness to the entire feel of the CK boxer shorts. The female model used for this adverts would be that of an Asian female as there have been a strong emphasis on European models through the 9 Countries 9 Men CK Underwear Competition. As such, a fresh look and face is required so as to create a whole new feel to the entire campaign while retaining it’s brand image. 8 Proposed Campaign Message Design and Execution: †¢Message design: The message of the adverts campaign would be the slogan, â€Å"Nothing comes between me and his Calvins†. The reason why this slogan would be used is to ignite similar feeling of the 1990s concept of â€Å"Nothing comes between me and my Calvins†. This slogan is used in the past to show that Calvin Klein’s products are a part of the individual and nothing would come between the consumer and the produ cts. As such, this would create loyalty in the consumers as the brand is portrayed as personal to them. In this instance, the slogan would be twisted in a way that though the same feeling would be presented in the adverts, the use of a female wearing a boxer shorts and feeling comfortable about it would meant that the product is versatile as well as comfortable. †¢Message Execution: The message of the dverts can be carried out through getting the model to display ease and comfort when wearing the boxer shorts and at the same time, being masculine and having an attitude about it. Media: †¢Media selection: The media that will be used for this campaign would be that of the print media of magazines and posters. Posters will be situated at areas in Orchard Road such as placing it on a lamp stand near the road, newsstand, bus stand, underpass and in shopping malls itself. Campaign Budget: †¢Budget: The budget for this campaign adverts would be $30,000. As this campaign is new in the sense that it is the first time an Asian female will be used for the campaign adverts, and also the first time a female model would be promoting for a male underwear, it can be viewed that more coverage is required to reach as many of the targeted audiences as possible so as to not only create an impact, but also to push for actions in the sense of the purchasing of the products by the consumers. 19 Media Plan February 2010 1. Finalist of 9 Countries 9 Men announced 2. Start of the new advertising campaign March 2010 1. Launching of the advertising campaign in Print Media such as magazines like Style: Men etc. April 2010 1. Continuation of adverts in Print Media 2. Start of the placement of adverts in underpass of Orchard, placement of banners on road lamps and buildings 1. May 2010 Placement of adverts in shopping malls, bus stands, newsstands and continuation of the placement of adverts in magazines. 20 Campaign Ads 21 Outdoor Campaign 22 Outdoor Campaign 23 Outdoor Campaign 24 Campaign Ads 25 Unique Selling Preposition The unique features of these adverts can be seen as that it gives a whole new look to the entire advertising campaign for CK Underwear and even to the entire industry’s underwear advertising. This is because a female model is being used to promote for a product that is rightfully for males. As such, this would attract the attention of not only the male target audiences, but the female audiences curiosity would be raised as to why a female would be wearing a male’s boxer shorts instead of a female boxer shorts. Besides this, the female model used differs from the past campaigns and from it’s competitors in that it uses an Asian model instead of the usual European or American model and this would captures the attention of not only the Asian market, but the European and American market as well. This is because the consumers are used to having a Caucasian female or male as a model, and as such, in order to bring about fresh ideas and images, Asian models may be able to help to bring forth this concept and thus this is unique as it is not frequently seen in the market. The slogan would be part of the unique selling preposition as compared to competitors such as DKNY, D G and Emporio Armani, they do not have any slogan with regards to the underwear lines in their advertising and as such, by having a slogan, CK Underwear would be able to communicate directly with the targeted audience and thus create better understanding of the concept of the brand as well as the adverts. 26 Desired Consumer Response The most important element of advertising is to be able to get the target audience to response in a few ways. Firstly, through this advertising campaign, CK Underwear aims to be able to raise the awareness of the it’s target audience and potential target audience to the new products that is being launched. Besides wanting to create an awareness through the advertising with regards to the products being advertised (which is the boxer shorts), the advertising campaign is also aimed at reminding the consumers of the brand and it’s promise through the slogans. As such, this advertising campaign aims to be a platform for CK Underwear to be able to gain consumers support and increase the loyalty of it’s current customers and thus, the desired consumer response of this advertising campaign would be to persuade the targeted audience and consumers to make purchases of the products when they see the adverts. Secondly, the advertising campaign also seeks to create an impact in the industry and strengthen it’s brand positioning of being controversial through the fact that a female is wearing a male underwear and the feeling of being provocative through the use of emale model who gives an image of sexuality and at the same time, an androgyny look in order to portray the masculinity of the brand. Thus, as this is being portrayed and carried out in the adverts, there will be concerns from the public with regards to the adverts and as such, this will lead to the consumer to response in either a positive or negative responses such as medi a’s report of the advertising campaign which will help to promote the brand as well. 27 Implementation Evaluation Implementation: This advertising campaign will be implemented in Singapore as well as in European market in order to create a similar feel and build consistency with regards to the brand image as well as the advertising messages. †¢This series of adverts would be carried out during the period of February 2010 to May 2010. †¢The sequences of the setting up of the media plan would be done accordingly to the media plan. †¢The launch of the product which is that of the CK Underwear Boxer Shorts would be in line with the launch of the new advertising campaign. Evaluation: There are various ways in which the campaign can be evaluated. †¢The campaign will be evaluated based on the level of awareness of the adverts and this can be done through surveying of the target audience during the month of March-April 2010 to determine if the campaign is effecti ve in reaching out to it’s target market. †¢To determine if the message of the adverts is suitable or vice versa, CK Underwear marketing team would need to keep a lookout on the internet with regards to any negative or positive comments of the adverts in the forums or on the news. As the aim of an adverts is to increase the sales of it’s advertised product, there is a need to analyze if the campaign have helped to fulfill the objectives as stated in the strategy brief. This can be done by comparing the product’s revenue between the period from February-May 2010 with other products that is not being advertised. As the product is being launched in the same period as the advertising campaign, it is therefore easier to determine the effectiveness of the campaign through the analysis of the revenue earned. 28 Brief Summary of Proposed Campaign Time Frame of Campaign: †¢ Launch of campaign: The campaign would be launched on the 1st of February 2010 in conjunction with the announcement of the finalist for the 9 Countries 9 Men CK Underwear competition. †¢Duration of campaign: The duration of the campaign would be 4 months as it will be carried out from February to May 2010. Budget of the Campaign: †¢The budget of the campaign would be $30,000 as the new launch of product and concept of using an Asian model would require more exposure than usual form of adverts. Overall feel of the Campaign ads: The overall feel of the adverts of this campaign would be to bring about a sense of comfort when the model wears the underwear and at the same, sexuality is being used to give off a sexy feeling to the entire image while the androgyny feature of the model would add in the masculine elements to the entire concept. Media: †¢The media that will be used for this campaign would be that of print media such as the magazin es and posters which will be placed in newsstand, bus stops stand, underpass of shopping malls, banners on road lamps and buildings and also the placement of banners in shopping malls itself. 9 Bibliography 1. ?Phillipsvan Heusen Corp. Reports Operating Results (10-Q)? 2009. Guru Focus. Retrieved: September 11, 2009, from https://www. gurufocus. com/news. php? id=68971 2. ?Calvin Klein Threesome Ad Draws Oohs, Aahs and Protests? 2009. Fox News. Retrieved: September 11, 2009 from https://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,526491,00. html 3. Eyre, H. ?The Male Kate Moss: Jamie Dornan?. London Evening Standard. Retrieved: September 11, 2009 from: https://www. thisislondon. co. uk/fashion/article-23740356-details/The+male+Kate+Moss:+Jamie+Dornan/ article. do 30